Cybernetics And Systems Analysis logo
Editorial Board Announcements Abstracts Authors Archive
KIBERNETYKA TA SYSTEMNYI ANALIZ
International Theoretical Science Journal
-->

DOI 10.34229/KCA2522-9664.24.4.12
UDC 621.391:519.2:519.7
L.V. Kovalchuk1, N.V. Kuchynska2, M.S. Kondratenko3


1 Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Technical University “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” and G.E. Pukhov Institute
for Modelling in Energy Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

lusi.kovalchuk@gmail.com

2 Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Technical University “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” and G.E. Pukhov Institute
for Modelling in Energy Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

n.kuchinska@gmail.com

3 G.E. Pukhov Institute for Modelling in Energy Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine

nikolay.ns95@gmail.com

DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF CONFIRMATION BLOCKS
IN A TWO-LEVEL BLOCKCHAIN WITH PROOF-OF-PROOF
CONSENSUS PROTOCOL FOR DIFFERENT CONSENSUS TYPES
IN MAINCHAIN/SIDECHAIN TO PREVENT DOUBLE-SPEND ATTACK.
I. PoS IN MAINCHAIN AND PoW IN SIDECHAIN

Abstract. The paper investigates the issues of the safe operation of a two-level blockchain with a complex mixed consensus protocol — Proof-of-Stake in the main blockchain (mainchain) and Proof-of-Work in the secondary (sidechain). This two-level blockchain is built on the principle of the Proof-of-Proof protocol, where the safety of the sidechain is ensured by the stability of the mainchain, by referring the mainchain blocks to the sidechain blocks using special transactions. Such a structure allows faster issuance of blocks in the sidechain and, accordingly, faster processing of transactions without loss of security and without increasing the volume of the block. In turn, such a two-level blockchain is of the greatest interest for the creation of a cascade system of state registers, which will be guaranteed to be protected against the substitution and forgery of documents. The main results of the work are explicit analytical expressions for estimates of probability of double spend attack on such two-level blockchain, under the condition of adversary in sidechain and in mainchain.

Keywords: blockchain, mainchain, sidechain, cryptocurrencies, mining, Proof-of-Proof consensus protocol, double spend attack.


full text

REFERENCES

  1. Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system. 2008. URL: https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf .

  2. Quigley J.L., Gilbert J. What is Proof-of-Work (PoW)? All you need to know. URL: https://blockworks.co/news/what-is-proof-of-work .

  3. Chirag. A guide to understand blockchain consensus algorithms. 2021. URL: https://appinventiv.com/ blog/blockchain-consensus-algorithms-guide/ .

  4. Akunne P. A guide to blockchain consensus protocols. 2021. URL: https://blog.logrocket.com/ guide-blockchain-consensus-protocols/.

  5. Fwol J., Malanii O., Ciattaglia L. Consensus mechanisms in blockchain: A deep dive into the different types. 2023. URL: https://hacken.io/discover/consensus-mechanisms/.

  6. Xiao Y., Zhang N., Lou W. Hou Y.T. A survey of distributed consensus protocols for blockchain networks. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. 2020. Vol. 22, N 2. P. 1432–1465. doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2020.2969706.

  7. Sankar L.S., Sindhu M., Sethumadhavan M. Survey of consensus protocols on blockchain applications. 2017 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS). Coimbatore, India, 2017. P. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACCS.2017.8014672.

  8. Guru A., Mohanta B.K., Mohapatra H., Al-Turjman F., Altrjman C., Yadav A. A survey on consensus protocols and attacks on blockchain technology. Appl. Sci. 2023. Vol. 13, N 4. 2604. doi.org/10.3390/app13042604.

  9. Zhang S., Lee, J.-H., Analysis of the main consensus protocols of blockchain. ICT Express. 2020. Vol. 6, Iss. 2. P. 93–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.icte.2019.08.001.

  10. Proof-of-Proof and veriblock blockchain protocol consensus algorithm and economic incentivization specifications. VeriBlock, Inc. URL: https://mirror1.veriblock.org/Proof-of-Proof_and_VeriBlock_Blockchain_Protocol_Consensus_Algorithm_and_Economic_Incentivization_ v1.0.pdf .

  11. Saleh F., Blockchain without waste: Proof-of-Stake. The Review of Financial Studies. 2021. Vol. 34, Iss. 3. P. 1156–1190, https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhaa075

  12. Sanchez M., Fisher J. Proof-of-Proof: A decentralized, trustless, transparent, and scalable means of inheriting Proof-of-Work security. VeriBlock, Inc. https://raw.githubusercontent.com/cedricwalter/ blockchain-consensus/master/whitepaper/PoP-Whitepaper.pdf .

  13. Kondratenko M.S. The use of blockchain technology in the construction of a hierarchical structure on multiple state registers to protect against falsification of information. Electron. modeling. 2023. Vol. 45, N 3. P. 43–56. https://doi.org/10.15407/emodel.45.03.043.

  14. Kovalchuk L., Kostanda V., Marukhnenko O., Pozhylenkov O. Achieving security in Proof-of-Proof protocol with non-zero synchronization time. Mathematics. 2022. Vol. 10, Iss. 14. 2422. https://doi.org/10.3390/math10142422

  15. Kondratenko M.S. Determining the number of confirmation blocks in the blockchain that hosts the second-level registry in the case that both blockchains use the POS consensus protocol. Coll. materials of the XLI Scientific and Technical Conference of Young Scientists and Specialists of the G.E. Pukhov Institute of Modeling Problems in Energy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv, May 17, 2023), Kyiv: G.E. Pukhov IPME of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2023. P. 188–190. URL: https://ipme.kiev.ua/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/Матеріали-конференції-2023.pdf .

  16. Buser M., Dowsley R., Esgin M.F. et al. Post-quantum verifiable random function from symmetric primitives in PoS blockchain. In: Atluri V., Di Pietro R., Jensen C.D., Meng W. (Eds.). Computer Security — ESORICS 2022. ESORICS 2022. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 13554. Cham: Springer, 2022. P. 25–45. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17140-6_2.

  17. Kiayias A., Russell A., David B., Oliynykov R. Ouroboros: A provably secure Proof-of-Stake blockchain protocol. In: Katz J., Shacham H. (Eds.) Advances in Cryptology — CRYPTO 2017. CRYPTO 2017. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol 10401. Cham: Springer, 2017. P. 357–388. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63688-7_12.

  18. Grunspan C., PБrez-Marco R., Double spend races. arXiv:1702.02867v3 [cs.CR], 6 May 2020. doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1702.02867

  19. Kovalchuk L., Kaidalov D., Nastenko A., Rodinko M., Shevtsov O., Oliynykov R. Decreasing security threshold against double spend attack in networks with slow synchronization. Computer Communications. 2020. Vol. 154. P. 75–81. doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2020.01.079.

  20. Kovalchuk L., Rodinko M., Oliynykov R., Kaidalov D., Nastenko A. Probability of double spend attack for network with non-zero time delay. Publ. Math. Debrecen. 2022. Suppl. 100. P. 597–615. doi.org/10.5486/pmd.2022.suppl.4.

  21. Karpinski M., Kovalchuk L., Kochan R., Oliynykov R., Rodinko M., Wieclaw L. Blockchain technologies: Probability of double-spend attack on a Proof-of-Stake consensus. Sensors. 2021. Vol 21, Iss. 19. 6408. doi.org/10.3390/s21196408.




© 2024 Kibernetika.org. All rights reserved.