DOI
10.34229/KCA2522-9664.26.3.9
UDC 519.6
L.V. Kovalchuk
G.E. Pukhov Institute for Modelling in Energy Engineering, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Technical
University “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute,” Kyiv, Ukraine,
lusi.kovalchuk@gmail.com
O.M. Kulinich
National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine,
o.kulinich@nubip.edu.ua
Y.M. Yemets
Educational and Research Institute of Physics and Technology of the National Technical
University “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute,” Kyiv, Ukraine,
lizaemets0244@gmail.com
DEFINITION AND JUSTIFICATION OF THE PARAMETERS OF THE DeFi COLLATERAL
PROTOCOL AND CONDITIONS FOR LIQUIDATION OF THE COLLATERAL POSITION
Abstract. A general approach to determining the parameters of a collateralized protocol is considered, along with the development of an appropriate mathematical framework that accounts for all major risks. The following tasks are addressed: all key factors that traditionally affect an asset’s price and the size of payouts during the position liquidation procedure are identified; risks are incorporated and their potential impact on the price is assessed; the statistical data that must be collected and processed to obtain numerical characteristics of these risks are specified; relevant statistical data are collected across various decentralized platforms and, based on them, a liquidation condition for a collateral position is formulated and justified; the LTV value is determined and substantiated; numerical results for LTV are obtained for different pairs of assets.
Keywords: cryptoassets, DeFi-protocols, collateral protocols, loan-to-value (LTV), liquidation condition.
full text
REFERENCES
- 1. DeFi Protocol. URL: www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/defi-protocol/ (date of access: 21.05.2023).
- 2. What is decentralized finance (DeFi) and how does it work? URL: https://www.investopedia.com/decentralized-finance-defi-5113835/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 3. Comprehensive report on decentralized lending in 2025. URL: https://oakresearch.io/en/reports/sectors/comprehensive-report-decentralized-lending-2025/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 4. Kotov V. Top 5 DeFi lending platforms to watch out in 2025. URL: https://4irelabs.com/articles/top-defi-lending-platforms/ (date of access: 02.06.2025).
- 5. Darlin M., Palaiokrassas G,. Tassiulas L. Debt-financed collateral and stability risks in the DeFi ecosystem. 4th Conference on Blockchain Research & Applications for Innovative Networks and Services (BRAINS). Paris, France, 2022. P. 5–12. https://doi.org/10.1109/BRAINS55737.2022.9909090.
- 6. Kim H., Kim H.-S., Park Y.-S. Perpetual contract NFT as collateral for DeFi composability, URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9967987/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 7. Nadler M., Bekemeier F., Schдr F. DeFi risk transfer: Towards a fully decentralized insurance protocol, 2023 IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency (ICBC). Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 2023. Р. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICBC56567.2023.10174937.
- 8. Naifar N. Mapping systemic tail risk in crypto markets: DeFi, stablecoins, and infrastructure tokens. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2025. Vol. 18, N 6. P. 124–146. https:// doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18060329/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 9. Adamyk B., Benson V., Adamyk O., Liashenko O. Risk management in DeFi: Analyses of the innovative tools and platforms for tracking DeFi transactions. Journal of Risk and Financial Management. 2025. Vol. 18, N 1. P. 73–91. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18010038/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 10. Kovalchuk L., Kostanda V., Marukhnenko O., Kuchynska N., Marchuk Y. The method of choosing parameters for margin trading protocols in the constant product model. Mathematics. 2023. Vol. 11, N. 19. P. 41–58. URL: https://doi.org/10.3390/math11194158.
- 11. Daljit Singh. Top 15 DeFi Protocols. The Future of Finance Unveiled. URL: https:// www.debutinfotech.com/blog/top-defi-protocols/ (date of access: 19.08.2024).
- 12. Aave documentation. Concept. URL: https://aave.com/docs/concepts/ (date of access: 20.07.2025).
- 13. Com Compound. Compound Documentation. URL: https://docs.compound.finance/ (date of access: 19.08.2024).
- 14. Gudgeon L., Werner S., Perez D., William J., and Knottenbelt W.J. DeFi Protocols for loanable funds: Interest rates, liquidity and market efficiency. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.13922/ (date of access: 11.06.2020).
- 15. APWine – the Protocol for future yield tokenisation. URL: https://defiprime.com/apwine/ (date of access: 20.07.2025).
- 16. How Sense works. URL: https://sense.finance/#how-sense-works/ (date of access: 20.07.2025).
- 17. 88mph Documentation V4. URL: https://docs.88mph.app/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 18. Robinson D., Niemerg A. The yield Protocol: On-chain lending with interest rate discovery. URL: https://www.paradigm.xyz/2020/04/the-yield-protocol-on-chain-lending-with-interest-rate-discovery/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 19. Notional Developers. Notional Whitepaper. URL: https://docs.notional.finance/developers/whitepaper/whitepaper/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 20. Delaunay M., Garchery Q., Frambot P., Egalitґe M., Thomas J., Babbar K. Morpho optimizer yellow paper. URL: https://yellowpaper.morpho.org/ (date of access: 02.06.2025).
- 21. Delaunay M., Frambot P., Q. Garchery Q., Lesbre M. Morpho blue whitepaper. URL: https:// github.com/morpho-org/morpho-blue/blob/main/morpho-blue-whitepaper.pdf/ (date of access: 02.06.2025).
- 22. Grigorova I., Karamfilov A., Merakov R., Efremov A. Simulation of dynamic performance of DeFi Protocol based on historical crypto market behavior. Risks. 2024. Vol. 12, N 1. P. 91–110. https://doi.org/10.3390/risks12010003/ (date of access: 02.06.2025).
- 23. Dropbox DocSend. Yellow paper. URL: https://docsend.com/view/mdxnynyuc84n4e5v/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 24. Dropbox DocSend. Tokenomics. URL: https://docsend.com/view/mvnvx8nv6ryx25az/ (date of access:11.06.2025).
- 25. What is a blockchain Oracle? URL: https://chain.link/education/blockchain-oracles/ (date of access: 02.06.2025).
- 26. Building an Oracle. URL: https://docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v2/concepts/core-concepts/oracles/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 27. Loan-to-value. URL: https://coinmarketcap.com/academy/glossary/loan-to-value-ltv/ (date of access: 11.06.2025).
- 28. How to lend in DeFi. URL: https://support.bitcoin.com/en/articles//6631935-how-to-lend--in-defi#h_2e6f7b8b54/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 29. Aave Protocol parameter dashboard. URL: https://aave.com/docs/resources/parameters/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).
- 30. Marks A. Aave vs compound: DeFi lending comparison. URL: https://www.ledn.io/post/aave-vs-compound/ (date of access: 14.07.2025).